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The issue, in charts
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101 graphics · showing 18
The century-long reign of coal is ending
In 2025, renewable electricity generated more power than coal for the first time in the modern era. Solar did most of the work.
33.8%
Renewables share of world electricity, 2025
The power behind intelligence
Data centres used 485 TWh in 2025. The IEA’s base case still nearly doubles that by 2030 — and AI sites are growing three times as fast as the rest.
485 TWh
Data-centre electricity, 2025
The age of fewer children
Global fertility is 2.25 and falling through replacement in the 2030s. The 21st century’s quietest mega-trend is a smaller next generation.
2.25
Global total fertility rate (UN WPP 2024)
The rearmament decade
World military spending hit $2.89 trillion in 2025. America spent less. Europe and Asia spent enough more to keep the global total rising.
$2.89 tn
World military expenditure, 2025
The copper bind
Electrification, grids and data centres all drink copper. The IEA’s 2025 outlook still sees a 30% mined-supply gap by 2035.
30%
Implied copper supply shortfall by 2035
The $348 trillion ledger
Private and public debt set a record in 2025. Sovereign debt is heading back to 100% of world GDP — earlier than the IMF thought.
$348 tn
Global debt stock, end-2025 (IIF)
The chip supercycle
Semiconductors did $792 billion in 2025. WSTS’s spring 2026 forecast put 2026 at $1.51 trillion — a 90% leap, almost all memory and AI.
$1.51 tn
WSTS spring-2026 forecast for 2026 sales
Hard money, soft reserves
Central banks have been buying on the order of 1,000 tonnes of gold a year. Valuation, not tonnes, did most of the $3 trillion mark-up.
$4.5 tn
Official gold holdings, 2025 (IMF)
The nuclear return
438 reactors, 397 GWe, a record year of generation — and a political target to triple capacity by 2050. AI offtake is the new customer.
397 GWe
Operable nuclear capacity, Oct 2025
India’s decade, China’s middle age
The IMF still has India as the fastest-growing large economy in 2026. China is slower, heavier, and still the larger gravity well.
~7%
India calendar-year growth, 2026 (IMF)
One in four new cars is now electric
The IEA counted 21 million electric cars in 2025. China already sells more EVs than ICE. America is the holdout.
25%
World new-car sales that were electric, 2025
The first three years above 1.5°C
2024 was the hottest year in the instrumental record. 2023–2025, taken together, were the first stretch to average more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial.
1.47°C
2025 vs 1850–1900 (Copernicus ERA5)
Batteries now outbuild the gas turbine
The world added 108 GW of batteries in 2025 — more new capacity than gas plants managed in their best year. China installed most of it.
108 GW
Battery storage added in 2025
China still refines the transition
The IEA’s last minerals outlook was unambiguous: concentration at the refinery rose, not fell. China is the dominant processor of 19 of 20 strategic minerals.
70%
China’s average share of refined supply, 20 minerals
China installed half the world’s robots
In 2024 the world’s factories took 542,000 new industrial robots. 295,000 of them went to China — more than the rest of Earth combined.
54%
China’s share of new industrial robots, 2024
Seven names, a third of the S&P
Apple, Microsoft, Nvidia, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta and Tesla were 34% of the S&P 500 in August 2026 — about $24 trillion in one corridor of the market.
33.9%
Magnificent 7 share of the S&P 500, Aug 2026
One in seventy people is displaced
2025 was the first year in a decade that the world’s displaced population fell. It is still 117.8 million people — larger than any country except India, China and the United States.
117.8m
Forcibly displaced at end-2025
A quieter catastrophe year is not a safer planet
Insured natural-catastrophe losses fell to $107 billion in 2025. Swiss Re still pencils $148 billion if 2026 merely returns to trend. The gap is luck, not adaptation.
$107bn
Insured nat-cat losses, 2025